Ямада Х. Обратный ход культуры? Миф об утрате письменности
ЯМАДА Хитоси — доцент кафедры религиоведения, Высшая школа искусств и литературы, Университет Тохоку (Япония, Сендай)
E‑mail: yamadahi@m.tohoku.ac.jp
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АННОТАЦИЯ. Мифы об утрате письменности собирались и анализировались начиная с XIX в. Среди их исследователей были Мейсон, Обаяси, Рифтин, Онохара, Опиц, Тэпп, Скотт и др. Соответствующие повествования распространены в Юго-Восточной Азии, на Дальнем Востоке и в Европе. Письменность, которой некогда обладали люди, была, согласно мифам, смыта водой, съедена животными или людьми вместе с материалом, на который была нанесена и т. п. По некоторым версиям, съеденная книга превратилась в книжку — отдел желудка жвачных животных. Подобные рассказы, которые передавались не только в устной, но и в письменной форме, являются примерами представления о «не-появлении фактов культуры», но вместе с тем объясняют этиологию других особенностей культуры, например, вышивки или способов гадания. Они также отражают представления людей о себе и о чужаках. В подобных мифах, близких по смыслу мифам об утрате первоначального благополучия или о происхождении смерти, отражена фундаментальная проблема, с которой сталкивается человек — выбор пассивного подчинения судьбе или активного действия с надеждой на успех. Именно поэтому подобные мифы распространились столь широко, подвергаясь со временем разнообразным изменениям.
КЛЮЧЕВЫЕ СЛОВА: мифы об утрате письменности, межэтнические отношения, культурный герой
УДК 003:291.13
DOI 10.31250/2618-8600-2019-3(5)-42-56
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